天然药材
功效作用 Efficacy and Functions
祛风，除湿，定惊。
Dispel wind, eliminate dampness, and calm the mind.
主治 Indications
风湿骨节肿痛，小儿惊风。
Rheumatic joint pain and swelling, pediatric convulsions.
用法用量 Dosage and Administration
内服：煎汤，15-30g；或浸酒。外用：适量，煎汤洗。用时捣碎。
Internal use: decoction, 15-30g; or soak in alcohol. External use: appropriate amount, decoct and wash. Crush before use.
相关论述 Relevant Discussion
《食疗本草》：“煮汤浴之，主历节风，亦主小儿客忤。”
《四川中药志》1960年版：“能除风湿，治风湿病，骨节作痛。”
加工炮制 Processing and Preparation
炮制方法 Processing Methods
1、熊骨：取原药材，用清水浸1-2星期，刮去筋肉，洗净，阴干。
2、烫熊骨：取沙油置锅内，用武火炒烫后，放入净熊骨，不断翻动，炒至表面呈黄色时取出，放凉。
Bear bone: Take the original medicinal material, soak it in clear water for 1–2 weeks, scrape off tendons and muscles, wash clean, and air-dry.
Blanched bear bone: Heat sand in a pan over high fire, then add cleaned bear bone, constantly turning until surface turns yellow; remove and cool.
Wine-soaked bear bone: While hot, place sand-blanched bear bone into a measured amount of wine, rinse off sand, remove, and dry. Use 20kg of wine per 100kg of cleaned bear bone.
保存方法 Storage Method
贮干燥容器内，置阴凉干燥处，防蛀。
Store in a dry container, keep in a cool and dry place, and prevent insect infestation.
药材鉴别 Identification of Medicinal Material
药材性状 Characteristics of the Material
一般多用四肢骨。前肢肱骨骨体稍扭曲，长33-34cm，直径（中段）约3cm。表面淡黄白色，稍粗糙而显油性。中段以上有喙粗隆3条，下端较宽，呈滑车状，下端靠近骨环处无小孔（即无“凤眼”）。质坚硬而较重，断面呈不规则圆棱形，密质骨厚2-5mm，圆形骨髓腔直径约占骨断面2/5，髓呈网织蜂窝状，黄棕色，具特殊熊腥气。
Generally, limb bones are mostly used. The humerus of the forelimb is slightly twisted, measuring 33–34 cm in length and about 3 cm in diameter (midsection). The surface is pale yellow-white, slightly rough and oily. There are three rough ridges above the midsection, the lower end is wider and pulley-shaped, and there are no small holes near the bone ring (i.e., no "fenestra" or "phoenix eye"). It is hard and heavy, with an irregularly polygonal cross-section, cortical bone thickness of 2–5 mm, and a marrow cavity occupying about 2/5 of the cross-sectional area. The marrow is reticulated and honeycomb-like, yellowish-brown, with a distinct musky odor.
后肢股骨骨体弯曲，长35-40cm，直径3-4cm，上端内侧突出的半球形为“股骨头”，与骨体约成110°的角，球面光滑有一较深窝，股骨头高于对侧隆起的大转子；下端前面有一宽而浅的胫窝，后侧有一近菱形的凹槽。横断面类圆形，黄白色，稍粗糙，密质骨厚6-9mm，骨髓腔直径约17mm，占断面的1/2。骨髓网纹不明显，棕黄色，腥气浓。
The femur of the hind limb is curved, measuring 35–40 cm in length and 3–4 cm in diameter. The inner protrusion at the upper end forms a hemispherical "femoral head," forming an angle of about 110° with the shaft. The surface is smooth with a deep socket, and the femoral head is higher than the prominent greater trochanter on the opposite side. The anterior lower end has a wide, shallow tibial fossa, and the posterior side has a nearly rhomboid depression. The cross-section is roughly circular, yellowish-white, slightly rough, with cortical bone 6–9 mm thick, and a marrow cavity about 17 mm in diameter, occupying half of the cross-section. The marrow network is not obvious, brown-yellow, with a strong musky odor.
后肢胫骨扁圆形，有纵棱。膝盖骨长圆形，带有舌状筋。前后肢掌部宽大，均具5爪，爪黑色，留下的皮毛呈黑色或棕色。
The tibia of the hind limb is flat and round with longitudinal ridges. The patella is oval-shaped with a tongue-like tendon. The palms of both fore and hind limbs are broad, each bearing five claws that are black, with remaining fur being black or brown.
头骨吻长而尖，鼻骨短；额骨前部较宽，后部较窄，左右额部连接部分向下凹陷，顶部较宽，矢状脊短而不显著。齿褐色，上额骨有门齿3对，犬齿1对，臼齿7对，上颚后臼齿形大，约为宽的2倍。肋骨扁形。
The skull has a long, pointed snout and short nasal bones. The frontal bone is wider anteriorly and narrower posteriorly, with the junction of the left and right frontal bones concave downward. The top is broad, with a short and inconspicuous sagittal crest. Teeth are brown; the maxilla has 3 pairs of incisors, 1 pair of canines, and 7 pairs of molars. The posterior upper molars are large, about twice as long as they are wide. Ribs are flattened.
动物学信息 Zoological Information
动物属种 Animal Species
熊科动物黑熊和棕熊。
Animals of the bear family include the black bear (Ursus thibetanus) and the brown bear (Ursus arctos).
形态特征 Morphological Characteristics
1、黑熊：体形较大，长1.5-1.7m，体重约150kg。头部宽圆。吻部短而尖；鼻端裸露，眼小；耳较长且被有长毛，伸出头顶两侧。颈部短粗，两侧毛特别长。胸部有一倒人字形白斑。尾很短。毛较一致，漆黑色，有光泽。四肢粗健，前后足均具5趾，前足腕垫宽大与掌垫相连，后足跖垫亦宽大且肥厚，前宽后窄，内侧中部无毛间隔。具爪。除其鼻面部棕色、下颌白色、倒人字白斑外，全身均为黑色并带有光泽。
Black bear: Large-bodied, 1.5–1.7 m long, weighing about 150 kg. Head is broad and round, with a short, pointed snout; nose tip bare, eyes small; ears relatively long, covered with long hair projecting from both sides of the head. Neck is short and thick, with particularly long hair on both sides. Chest bears a white inverted "人"-shaped mark. Tail is very short. Fur is uniform, jet-black and glossy. Limbs are robust, all feet have five toes. Front foot wrist pads are broad and connected to palm pads; hind foot sole pads are also broad and thick, wider anteriorly and narrowing posteriorly, with a hairless gap in the middle of the inner side. Claws present. Except for the brown facial region, white chin, and the white inverted "人" mark, the entire body is black and shiny.
2、棕熊：体形较大，长约2m，重200-300kg。头阔而圆，吻部较长，鼻也较阔，其端裸出，略侧扇。耳小，能动，内外被毛。肩端隆起，腰粗壮，尾短。四胶粗壮，前后足均具5趾，前足的爪长于后足。爪侧扁而弯曲，呈暗褐色。全身为黑棕色，或近黑色以至很淡的银灰色、棕黄色或棕红色。成体胸部无白色斑纹。
2. Brown bear: Large-bodied, about 2 m long, weighing 200–300 kg. Head is broad and round, snout longer, nose broad and bare at the tip, slightly flared laterally. Ears are small, movable, and hairy both inside and out. Shoulders are humped, waist robust, tail short. Limbs are sturdy, all feet have five toes, front claws longer than hind ones. Claws are laterally flattened and curved, dark brown. Body color ranges from blackish-brown to nearly black, light silver-gray, brown-yellow, or brown-red. Adults lack white chest markings.
分布区域 Distribution Area
1、黑熊：分布极广泛，东北、华北、西南、华南及陕西、甘肃、青海、安徽、浙江、江西、福建、台湾、西藏等地均有分布。
2、棕熊：分布于东北及甘肃、青海、新疆、四川、贵州、西藏等地。
Black bear: Widely distributed in Northeast, North, Southwest, and South China, as well as Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Taiwan, and Tibet.
Brown bear: Found in Northeast China, Gansu, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Sichuan, Guizhou, Tibet, and other regions.
道地产区 Indigenous Habitats
主产于黑龙江、吉林、云南、四川等地。自产自销。
Mainly produced in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Yunnan, Sichuan, and other regions. Self-produced and self-marketed.
人工制造 Artificial Cultivation
1、生活习性：熊为森林中的大型动物，性孤癖不成群，常单独在森林中栖息和活动。昼行性，善于游泳、爬树，能直立行走，属于半冬眠动物，遇到干扰时可立即解除冬睡而外出活动。杂食性，主要以植物嫩芽、嫩草及各种野果为食，尤喜食蜂蜜。熊的视觉较差，但嗅觉和听觉发达，从体型上看，寒冷地区的熊体型大，皮脂肥厚，热带地区的熊体型小。
2、养殖技术：熊是季节性发情的动物，每年5-8月为发情交配季节。妊娠期约210-220d，一般在12月末至翌年2月间产仔。每胎产1-3仔。雌熊性成熟年龄为3-3.5岁，雄熊为4岁左右。当前，养熊方式有笼养、圈养、室养等。成年熊类多为单养，幼年熊类可以集体饲养。我国养熊业历史悠久，特别对熊的驯化更积累了丰富的经验。在繁殖技术上，使熊不但可在人工饲养条件下，通过自然交配而获得后代，还可通过人工授精繁殖后裔。
Behavior: Bears are large forest animals, solitary by nature, often living and moving alone. Diurnal, excellent swimmers and climbers, capable of walking upright. They are semi-hibernators and can quickly awaken from hibernation when disturbed. Omnivorous, feeding mainly on plant buds, tender grass, and wild fruits, especially fond of honey. Vision is poor, but smell and hearing are acute. Bears in colder regions are larger with thicker fat layers, while those in tropical areas are smaller.
Breeding Techniques: Bears are seasonal breeders, mating from May to August annually. Gestation lasts about 210–220 days, with cubs born from late December to February. Litter size is 1–3. Females mature sexually at 3–3.5 years, males at around 4 years. Current farming methods include caging, fencing, and indoor housing. Adults are usually kept individually, while juveniles may be group-raised. China has a long history of bear farming and extensive experience in domestication. Breeding techniques allow offspring production via natural mating and artificial insemination under human care.
Feeding Management: Chinese bear farming falls into two main types: controlled feeding and domesticated grazing. Controlled feeding (caged, fenced, or indoor) relies entirely on artificial feeding within restricted areas, typically used for bile extraction. Domesticated grazing is used during juvenile development or large-scale farming, requiring large pastures for movement, foraging, and drinking, supplemented with formulated feed—such as cornmeal, soybean meal, bran, and sorghum flour—cooked and fed with added animal protein, green fodder, minerals, and vitamins.